A microstrip patch antenna using novel photonic band - gap structures

Printed antennas exemplified by the microstrip patch antenna offer an attractive solution to compact, conformal and low cost design of modem wireless communications equipment, RF sensors and radar systems. Recent applications have pushed the frequency well into the ram-wave region even in the commercial arena as evidenced by the worldwide race to develop advanced collision warning radar systems for automobiles at the 76 GHz band.[1] Microstrip-based planar antennas fabricated on a substrate with a high dielectric constant (Si, GaAs and InP) are strongly preferred for easy integration with the MMIC RF front-end circuitry. However, it is well known that patch antennas on high dielectric constant substrates are highly inefficient radiators due to surface wave losses and have very narrow frequency bandwidth (approximately one to two percent). This situation becomes extremely severe as applications move to higher frequencies, resulting in patch antennas with reduced gain and efficiency as well as an unacceptably high level of cross polarization and mutual coupling within an array environment. Therefore, much effort has been made recently to realize high efficiency patch antennas on high permittivity substrates, including using the latest micromachining technology.[2,3]